Maritime border disputes refer to conflicts and disagreements between nations over the delineation of boundaries in bodies of water. These disputes often involve questions of sovereignty, resource allocation, and access to strategic waterways. Unlike land borders, maritime boundaries are dynamic and influenced by shifting tides, making their precise demarcation a source of contention.

The significance of maritime boundaries extends beyond cartography; it is integral to the sustainable management of oceanic resources and the preservation of national interests. Maritime zones, including territorial waters, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and continental shelves, hold vast reserves of oil, gas, and fisheries, making clear demarcation crucial for equitable resource distribution. Additionally, these boundaries are vital for ensuring national security, regulating maritime activities, and fostering international cooperation.

Historical Context

To comprehend the complexities of contemporary maritime border disputes, a journey into history is essential. Maritime borders have evolved over centuries, shaped by exploration, colonization, and the quest for resources. Early disputes often stemmed from ambiguous or non-existent delineations, leading to conflicts over trade routes, fishing grounds, and strategic control.

Evolution of International Maritime Law

The need for a structured approach to maritime disputes prompted the development of international maritime law. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), adopted in 1982, stands as a milestone in this evolution. UNCLOS established a framework for the rights and responsibilities of nations concerning the use of the world’s oceans, providing guidelines for the delimitation of maritime boundaries and the resolution of disputes.

Past Examples of Maritime Border Disputes and Their Resolutions

Historical maritime disputes have, on occasion, found resolution through diplomatic negotiations or legal mechanisms. Examining instances such as the North Sea continental shelf cases and the Gulf of Maine dispute between the United States and Canada reveals the diverse methods employed in resolving conflicts over maritime boundaries. These examples serve as lessons for the intricate processes involved in reaching consensus and establishing legal precedents.

Key Factors Contributing to Maritime Border Disputes

Resource Distribution

Oil and Gas Reserves: The presence of substantial oil and gas reserves in maritime zones amplifies the intensity of disputes. Nations often vie for control over these resources, leading to conflicts over the delineation of exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and continental shelves.

Fisheries: The abundance of marine resources, particularly fisheries, adds another layer to maritime disputes. Access to fertile fishing grounds prompts nations to contest boundaries, as control over these areas directly impacts economic prosperity and food security.

Geopolitical Considerations

Strategic Importance of Maritime Territories: Beyond economic considerations, the strategic value of maritime territories plays a pivotal role. Control over key waterways and chokepoints can influence military posturing and the balance of power in a region.

National Security Concerns: Maritime boundaries are integral to national security, with disputes often arising from perceived threats to a nation’s sovereignty. The strategic implications of maritime control extend to defense planning and naval operations.

Historical and Cultural Factors

Legacy Issues: Historical disputes and unresolved issues from the past contribute to the complexity of maritime conflicts. Lingering animosities and contested historical claims can impede diplomatic efforts to find common ground.

Cultural Ties to Specific Maritime Regions: Cultural connections to specific maritime regions can heighten the emotional stakes in disputes. Shared histories and cultural ties often intensify a nation’s determination to assert its claims over certain maritime areas.

Notable Maritime Border Disputes

South China Sea

• Background and Historical Context: The South China Sea stands as one of the most contested maritime regions globally. Claims by China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other neighboring nations intersect, with historical grievances and strategic interests converging to create a volatile mix.
• Current Status and Involved Parties: Ongoing disputes involve competing claims over islands, reefs, and resources. China’s expansive territorial claims, as encapsulated by the Nine-Dash Line, have sparked tensions, leading to confrontations and diplomatic wrangling among the claimant states.
• Implications for Regional and Global Stability: The South China Sea dispute has far-reaching implications for regional stability and global geopolitics. The contested waters serve as a vital shipping route, and the potential for resource-driven conflicts raises concerns about the peaceful coexistence of nations in the region.

Arctic Ocean

• Resource Competition in the Arctic: Melting ice in the Arctic has opened up new opportunities for resource exploration, leading to disputes over the vast hydrocarbon and mineral reserves beneath the Arctic seabed.
• Claims of Arctic Coastal States: Nations with Arctic coastlines, including Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, and the United States, assert overlapping claims, complicating efforts to establish clear maritime boundaries in this environmentally sensitive region.
• Environmental Concerns and International Cooperation: The Arctic dispute is not only about resources but also raises environmental concerns. As the region is particularly vulnerable to climate change, disputes necessitate a delicate balance between resource exploitation and environmental preservation, requiring international cooperation.

East China Sea

• Disputes Between China and Japan: The East China Sea witnesses longstanding disputes between China and Japan, particularly over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Both nations claim sovereignty over these uninhabited islets, leading to maritime tensions.
• Resource Contention and Historical Claims: The presence of potential oil and gas reserves in the disputed waters intensifies the conflict. Historical grievances and conflicting interpretations of international law contribute to the complexity of the dispute.
• Diplomatic Efforts and Resolutions: Diplomatic efforts have been made to ease tensions, but the East China Sea remains a hotspot for maritime disputes, reflecting the broader challenge of reconciling national interests and historical legacies in the pursuit of lasting resolutions.

The post Maritime Border Disputes appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

The significance of maritime heritage extends beyond the tangible artifacts and landmarks; it embodies the spirit of adventure, the quest for discovery, and the resilience of coastal communities. Preserving this heritage is not just an act of honoring history but a means of fostering an appreciation for the maritime world that has played a pivotal role in shaping civilizations.

In an era dominated by digital connectivity, social media platforms have emerged as powerful tools for cultural preservation and dissemination. Instagram, with its visually-oriented nature, provides a captivating canvas for showcasing the grandeur and historical importance of maritime heritage. Through carefully curated images and compelling narratives, Instagram offers a dynamic space to share the stories of historical ships, lighthouses, shipwrecks, and various maritime heritage sites.

As we embark on this exploration of maritime history, Instagram serves as our vessel, navigating the currents of the virtual world to bring these tales to a global audience. The platform’s ability to seamlessly blend visuals with storytelling makes it an ideal medium to captivate audiences and evoke a sense of awe for the maritime wonders that have shaped our world.

The primary objective of this article is to delve into the realms of maritime heritage, steering our focus toward historical ships, lighthouses, shipwrecks, and other significant sites that harbor the echoes of bygone eras. Through the lens of Instagram, we aim to bring these maritime treasures to life, not merely as static relics but as vibrant, engaging narratives that resonate with enthusiasts, historians, and casual observers alike.

By harnessing the visual allure of Instagram, we seek to weave a tapestry of stories that illuminate the importance of each featured maritime element. This exploration will not only celebrate the beauty of these historical gems but also underline their enduring significance in maritime culture. Join us on this virtual voyage as we set sail through the seas of time, using Instagram as our compass to navigate the vast expanse of maritime heritage.

Historical Ships on Instagram

Instagram serves as a virtual harbor where the majesty of historical ships finds a new berth. These vessels, once the pioneers of maritime exploration, have stories etched into their very planks. From legendary warships to opulent tall ships, each has played a role in shaping the course of history.

Highlight famous ships with historical importance

Our Instagram voyage begins with a showcase of iconic historical ships that have left an indelible mark on the maritime narrative. Whether it’s the venerable HMS Victory, the flagship of Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, or the awe-inspiring USS Constitution, witness to over two centuries of naval history, each ship has a tale as grand as the oceans they once traversed.

Discuss their role in maritime history

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, these historical ships are living testaments to the evolution of maritime technology, exploration, and warfare. Through Instagram, we delve into the details of their construction, the battles they weathered, and the historical figures who commanded them. By elucidating their roles in pivotal moments, we aim to breathe life into these vessels and foster a deeper appreciation for the maritime heritage they represent.

Utilizing visuals

Importance of high-quality photos

The allure of historical ships lies in their intricate details—the weathered wood, the billowing sails, and the intricate rigging. Utilizing high-quality photos on Instagram allows us to capture these nuances, transporting followers directly to the deck of these magnificent vessels. Each image becomes a portal through which viewers can immerse themselves in the craftsmanship and history encapsulated by these maritime giants.

Incorporating behind-the-scenes shots and details

Instagram’s appeal extends beyond polished images; it thrives on authenticity. To enhance the connection with our audience, we will share behind-the-scenes shots, revealing the meticulous restoration efforts, the dedicated crews, and the challenges faced in preserving these floating relics. By providing a glimpse into the unseen aspects of historical ship preservation, we aim to foster a sense of involvement and appreciation among our Instagram community.

Lighthouses: Beacons of Maritime History

Feature various lighthouses with historical significance

As we navigate the expansive waters of maritime heritage on Instagram, our focus now turns to the steadfast sentinels of the sea – lighthouses. These iconic structures, perched on rugged coastlines and remote islands, have long served as beacons guiding ships through treacherous waters. Each lighthouse tells a story of maritime navigation, resilience, and the human spirit’s triumph over the elements.

Discuss the architectural and navigational importance

Lighthouses are more than just picturesque structures; they are feats of engineering designed to withstand the harshest conditions. From the towering Cape Hatteras Lighthouse to the remote charm of the Fastnet Lighthouse, our Instagram journey will showcase a variety of lighthouses, each with its unique design and navigational significance. We’ll explore the architectural innovations that have marked these structures as symbols of maritime safety and explore the strategic locations that have made them integral to seafaring history.

Explore stories related to lighthouses and their keepers

Behind every lighthouse stands the often overlooked, yet crucial, figure of the lighthouse keeper. Through Instagram, we’ll delve into the tales of these unsung heroes who, for centuries, tended to the flickering flames and maintained the intricate mechanisms that ensured the safety of sailors. Their stories add a human dimension to these maritime landmarks, enriching our understanding of the symbiotic relationship between man and the sea.

Instagram as a storytelling platform

Crafting engaging captions to share the history

Instagram’s caption space becomes our narrative canvas, allowing us to infuse each image with historical context and captivating tales. Crafted captions will not only provide essential information about the featured lighthouses but also invite followers to become part of the storytelling process. By weaving engaging narratives, we aim to create a virtual lighthouse trail that captures the imagination of our Instagram community.

Encouraging audience interaction through comments and questions

In the spirit of community engagement, we’ll encourage our Instagram followers to share their own lighthouse stories, favorite maritime landmarks, and questions about these enigmatic structures. Instagram’s comment section becomes a forum for exchange, fostering a sense of shared exploration and appreciation for lighthouses as integral elements of maritime heritage.

Leveraging Instagram Reels for Dynamic Exploration

In addition to static images and captions, we’ll leverage Instagram Reels to offer dynamic glimpses into the world of lighthouses. Short, engaging videos will provide virtual tours, showcase breathtaking panoramic views, and bring to life the sights and sounds of these maritime guardians. Instagram Reels, with its immersive format, adds a new dimension to our exploration, allowing followers to experience the allure of lighthouses in a more interactive and visually stimulating way.

Shipwrecks: Preserving the Past

In the depths of the ocean lie the remnants of vessels that once sailed proudly but now rest as silent witnesses to maritime history. Shipwrecks, with their haunting beauty and mysterious stories, beckon us to explore the underwater realms of our past. As we continue our maritime journey on Instagram, we turn our focus to these submerged time capsules.

Discuss the historical events leading to shipwrecks

Shipwrecks often carry tales of tragic voyages, naval battles, or unforeseen disasters. Through Instagram, we will unravel the stories behind select shipwrecks, shedding light on the events that led these vessels to their underwater resting places. By contextualizing these incidents within the broader scope of maritime history, we aim to emphasize the historical significance of shipwrecks beyond their visual appeal.

Highlight the underwater archaeology aspect

The study of shipwrecks extends beyond the surface, delving into the realm of underwater archaeology. Instagram provides a platform to showcase the meticulous efforts of underwater archaeologists as they unearth and preserve artifacts from these sunken treasures. By featuring the work of these dedicated professionals, we hope to underscore the importance of preserving not just the stories but also the material remnants of maritime history.

Using Instagram to share preservation efforts

Documenting conservation and excavation projects

Instagram’s visual-centric format allows us to document ongoing conservation and excavation projects related to shipwrecks. Through a combination of images and short videos, we’ll offer our followers a behind-the-scenes look at the painstaking efforts to preserve and protect these submerged relics. This visual storytelling approach aims to evoke a sense of urgency in preserving our maritime heritage for future generations.

Raising awareness about the importance of preserving maritime history

In addition to showcasing the captivating aesthetics of shipwrecks, our Instagram journey will actively advocate for the preservation of maritime history. Engaging captions and informative posts will highlight the threats these underwater treasures face and emphasize the collective responsibility to protect and cherish our submerged past. By leveraging Instagram’s reach, we strive to foster a global community dedicated to safeguarding the maritime heritage embedded in the depths of our oceans.

Other Maritime Heritage Sites

As our maritime exploration on Instagram continues, we set our sights on a broader panorama of maritime heritage sites. Beyond the grandeur of historical ships and the stoic charm of lighthouses, there exists a tapestry of diverse locations that contribute to the rich fabric of maritime culture. From bustling harbors to immersive maritime museums, each site offers a unique perspective on our seafaring past.

Harbors, maritime museums, and historical ports

Instagram becomes our digital vessel to navigate through vibrant harbors, explore the exhibits of maritime museums, and wander the cobbled streets of historical ports. These sites, often bustling with the echoes of maritime commerce and the legacies of bygone eras, provide a holistic view of the cultural and economic impact of maritime activities. Through captivating visuals and informative captions, we aim to spotlight these often overlooked but integral components of maritime heritage.

Discussing the cultural and economic impact of these sites

Each harbor, maritime museum, and historical port carries a unique narrative, shaped by centuries of maritime trade, exploration, and community life. On Instagram, we’ll delve into the cultural and economic significance of these sites, unraveling the stories embedded in their architecture, artifacts, and the communities that have thrived in their proximity. By examining these diverse aspects, we seek to broaden the understanding of maritime heritage beyond individual artifacts or landmarks.

Instagram’s role in virtual exploration

Encouraging virtual tours and engagement with the audience

Instagram’s immersive features, such as Stories and IGTV, provide us with the tools to offer virtual tours of these maritime heritage sites. Through curated content, we invite our audience to explore these locations from the comfort of their screens, fostering a sense of virtual exploration. Interactive elements, such as polls and questions, encourage audience engagement, transforming our Instagram profile into a dynamic space for collective discovery.

Leveraging Instagram Stories and IGTV for in-depth explorations

The transient nature of Instagram Stories allows us to share fleeting moments from our virtual explorations, while IGTV offers a platform for more in-depth, episodic content. These features enable us to create a narrative arc around specific maritime heritage sites, diving deeper into their history, significance, and contemporary relevance. By leveraging these tools, we aim to make our Instagram profile a gateway to comprehensive, visually engaging explorations of diverse maritime locations.

The post Using Instagram to Promote Maritime Heritage appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

The Threats to Our Maritime Space

Before diving into the protection blueprint, it’s essential to understand the perils that lurk in and around our oceans:

1. Overfishing: A crisis that sees many fish species nearing extinction due to aggressive human fishing methods.
2. Pollution: From plastic waste to toxic spills, marine life is devastated.
3. Illegal Maritime Activities: Piracy, unauthorized fishing, and smuggling jeopardize maritime safety.
4. Climate Change: Rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and irregular temperatures affect marine ecosystems.

Strategies for Robust Maritime Protection

1. Sustainable Fishing Practices

Sustainable fishing ensures fish populations remain healthy, ecosystems are balanced, and future generations have continuous seafood supplies.

• Catch Limits: By enforcing strict quotas, we can ensure species repopulate.
• Selective Gear: Using fishing equipment that reduces bycatch and is less invasive.

2. Pollution Control and Cleanup

Addressing pollution requires both proactive and reactive measures:

• Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): By designating specific oceanic zones where human activity is limited, we allow marine life to thrive.
• Clean-Up Initiatives: Employing technologies and manual efforts to clean up existing pollutants from the maritime space.

3. Enhanced Surveillance and Law Enforcement

A sophisticated maritime security system using satellite technology, AI, and manned patrols can deter and capture illegal activities.

4. Climate Change Mitigation

While global in scope, efforts to counteract climate change can benefit maritime space:

• Alternative Energy: Transitioning away from fossil fuels reduces oceanic oil spill risk and decreases atmospheric CO2 levels.
• Mangrove Plantation: Mangroves act as buffers, reducing shoreline erosion and carbon sinks.

The Role of International Collaboration

Maritime protection isn’t a task one nation can achieve alone. The interconnectivity of our oceans means that a threat in one coastal zone can easily impact neighboring areas. International treaties, shared surveillance technologies, and joint naval exercises can work in tandem to protect our shared maritime heritage.

Empowering Local Communities

Often overlooked in the broad scope of maritime protection are the local communities that depend on the ocean for their livelihoods. By empowering them with knowledge, tools, and resources, we can tap into a grassroots level of conservation that’s both impactful and sustainable.

1. Education and Awareness

Local communities can become stewards of the sea when they understand maritime ecosystems.

• Workshops & Seminars: Provide platforms for marine biologists, ecologists, and experts to share their knowledge.
• Interactive Learning: Using VR and AR tools to give a deep-sea experience, making conservation tangible.

2. Community-Led Initiatives

From beach clean-up drives to local patrols, communities can play a pivotal role:

• Ocean-friendly businesses: Encourage eco-friendly tourism and practices that generate income without harming the environment.
• Local Watch Groups: Form groups that monitor and report illegal activities, ensuring law enforcement agencies act swiftly.

Investing in Research and Technology

We live in an era of technological marvels. Harnessing the latest advancements can provide innovative solutions.

1. Drone Surveillance

Unmanned drones can cover vast ocean stretches, providing real-time data on illegal fishing, pollution levels, and unusual activities.

2. Marine Biotechnology

Marine organisms can combat pollution. For instance, specific bacteria strains can break down oil from spills, and certain algae species absorb CO2 at impressive rates.

3. Deep-sea Exploration

While we have detailed Mars maps, vast portions of our oceans remain unexplored. Delving into these depths could unveil species, ecosystems, and resources that could revolutionize maritime protection.

Final Thoughts

As we look forward to the future, our oceans will reflect our commitment, innovation, and collaborative spirit. Each wave we save, every marine life we protect, and every community we empower brings us closer to harmonious coexistence with the vast blue that embraces our planet.

Together, let’s make waves of positive change and become true guardians of the deep! Dive into the discussion below and share your insights, stories, and suggestions.

Like this article? Dive deeper into maritime topics by subscribing to our newsletter and staying updated with the latest in maritime conservation.

The post From Ocean Depths to Surface Shores: The Comprehensive Blueprint for Maritime Protection appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

Understanding Maritime Security

To truly appreciate the connection, it’s essential to first grasp what maritime security is. Maritime security isn’t just about fending off pirates or ensuring smooth shipping lanes; it’s about protecting our oceans, marine life, and the intricate ecological balance beneath the waves. Our oceans are the lifeblood of our planet, playing a pivotal role in climate regulation, food provision, and Earth’s ecosystems.

Why Real Estate Should Care

“But why should a real estate mogul or property enthusiast care about the seas?” you might wonder. The answer is simple: coastal property values. With the rise in sea levels and changes in maritime ecosystems, coastal properties are threatened. The real estate market, especially in inland regions, will be drastically impacted by these changes.

Imagine investing millions in a picturesque seaside property only to find out that in a decade, it’s predicted to be underwater or, worse still, eroded away. Coastal erosion, storm surges, and changes in ocean currents can profoundly affect coastal land value, infrastructure, and future property development potential.

A Case Study: HomesEh and their Vision

Let’s talk about a website that’s made waves in the real estate market: HomesEh. Not only have they championed eco-friendly housing solutions, but they’ve also underscored the importance of understanding the broader environmental picture when investing in property. By taking into account factors like maritime security and coastal preservation, they provide investors and homeowners with a holistic view of their property’s long-term value.

The Call for Collaboration

If there’s a takeaway from this unusual intersection of fields, collaboration is vital. Maritime experts can provide invaluable insights to real estate professionals on potential changes in oceanic conditions. In addition, the real estate industry can offer financial and infrastructure support to maritime conservation projects.

Future-Proofing Investments

For those looking to dive into the real estate market, especially in coastal regions, it’s imperative to consider the maritime factor. This doesn’t just mean checking if a property has a sea view or access to the beach. It’s about understanding the changing dynamics of our oceans and how they might impact land values in the coming decades.

In essence, protecting our maritime spaces is not just an act of environmental conservation but a move to safeguard our investments, economies, and future.

So, as we stand at this intersection of maritime security and real estate, let’s not just ride the waves of change but actively shape them. This will ensure a sustainable, prosperous future for all.

Embracing New Technologies

As we move further into this digital age, integrating technology can be the bridge between real estate and maritime security. For instance, satellite imagery and GIS (Geographic Information System) technologies can offer real-time data on coastlines, helping investors and urban planners gauge their investments’ longevity.

Drones and AI-powered analysis can help monitor coastal erosion, predict flood zones, and even assist maritime conservation efforts. Real estate companies could harness these technologies not just to safeguard their properties but also to ensure the surrounding environment remains unharmed.

Educating the Masses

Policymakers or industry leaders don’t solely bear responsibility. As individuals, understanding the fragility of our maritime spaces and their connection to real estate can be empowering.

Platforms like HomesEh, and others in the real estate industry, can educate potential buyers, investors, and the general public. By holding seminars, webinars, or even creating informative content on their platforms, these companies can shed light on the symbiotic relationship between maritime conservation and real estate prosperity.

Financial Implications

Let’s talk numbers for a moment. Coastal properties are often priced at a premium. With the looming threat of sea-level rise and related maritime concerns, insurance costs for these properties are set to skyrocket. This financial strain can impact not just individual homeowners but entire economies, especially those that heavily rely on coastal tourism or real estate.

On the flip side, investing in maritime conservation projects can serve as a buffer, potentially reducing insurance costs in the long run. Real estate developers and investors can consider this as a long-term strategy, not just for financial gains but for a sustainable future.

Conclusion: A Partnership for the Ages

Real estate, with its concrete foundations and terrestrial concerns, may seem worlds apart from our oceans’ ever-shifting, vast expanses. Yet, the two are intrinsically linked by more than just the shoreline they share.

By embracing this relationship and understanding the mutual benefits of maritime security and real estate collaborations, we can pave the way for innovations, solutions, and a brighter future. Whether you’re a maritime conservationist, a real estate mogul, or someone looking to buy their dream coastal home, it’s clear: when we protect our seas, we’re also protecting our homes.

The post Real Estate Meets Maritime Security: The Waves of Change appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

Now that the time to take action has come we should know what threats we have to deal with. In this article, we have taken a quick look at the threats the ocean is facing today.

Ocean Acidification

The constantly growing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have a negative impact on the water’s pH. The latter keeps decreasing as the ocean receives higher levels of CO2. As a result, lower pH levels affect the life of marine species. Some of them have already become extinct.

Sea Water Levels Rising

Rising temperatures cause problems to marine biodiversity. For example, coral reefs are incredibly sensitive to high temperatures. Hot waters make them bleach and die.

The so-called thermal expansion makes water molecules more distant from each other due to the growing temperature. In fact, this turns out to be a threat to the whole ecosystem, leading to wetland flooding, destructive erosion, and agricultural land contamination.

Plastics and Ocean Debris

An incredible 8 million tons of plastic end up in the World Ocean each year. Most plastic debris comes from littering – plastic bags, cans, bottles, etc. It first stays in coastal waters, but it is soon taken all around the world by forming garbage patches. The Great Pacific garbage patch between Hawaii and California is the biggest one so far. Just imagine how much harm it causes to animals – suffocation, entanglement, infections, internal injuries, and many more.

Other Types of Pollution

Plastic is not the only problem caused by human activities. Some more pollutants “deserve” our attention.

· Land runoff

· Oil and chemical spills

· Ocean dumping

All of them are affected by a direct discharge of pollutants into the ocean. The latter ones mainly come from different industrial sectors. This can be waste from industrial plants, effluent from sewage directed to the ocean, and/or deliberate discharges from oil tankers.

Extensive Fishing

A favorite hobby of many people may be destructive to the World Ocean. Overfishing puts food security at risk. Some species, that used to be common, can’t be found in the waters anymore. Bluefin tuna is one of many to be named.

Overfishing is mainly caused by illegal and unregulated fishing activities that cost the global economy more than $20 billion every year.

Fishing gear and commercial whaling end up with a great amount of harmful debris, as well as the problem of extinction. Both issues are two absolute evils.

Shipping and Transport

Maritime transport has become a series part of the world economy. In fact, 90% of global trade uses sea routes. It’s not hard to guess that shipping can be harmful to the ocean. Dredging, production of NOx and SOx, and ocean noise are some of the most common issues caused by ships. Marine life is extremely sensitive to all those negative factors.

Offshore Drilling

High gasoline costs lead to a renewed interest in offshore drilling, whether it comes to pipelines or refineries. The expansion of offshore drilling has negative effects on the ocean as well as coastlines. Eventually, more oil spills create even more drastic risks.

Deep-sea Mining

The deepest levels of the sea remain 100% unexplored. However, deep-sea mining gives way to the exploitation of the ocean’s biodiversity and ecosystem.

Scraping the ocean floor for valuable minerals, such as gold, silver, copper, and zinc, can change deep-sea habitats. The negative impact leads to the loss of species that have not been even discovered.

What are the solutions?

Even though the situation seems to be hopeless, it’s not really the case. We still have time to change things for the better. We can do little things for the bigger good. Thus, we can travel at slower speeds to decrease underwater noise, give up on plastic to stop polluting the waters, impose absolute control over whale hunting, and so on.

The world governments have enough resources to apply different solutions for the sake of a clean ocean and healthy marine animals. Protection measures should be embraced on different levels. The business sector with private companies should respect the World Ocean by feeling great pressure on their shoulders. Hopefully, we will be able to change the situation before it gets too late.

The post The Biggest Ocean Threats We Have to Face These Days appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

What can we do to protect our oceans for future generations? Here are 6 ways to move the situation from a dead point:

1. Reduce Carbon Footprint

Carbon dioxide, also known as a greenhouse gas, makes the oceans more acidic. This contributes to the loss of corals and other species.

The greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour, happen to be the result of human activity. Their production in the atmosphere means that too much of the heat emitted by the sun is stuck in the Earth’s atmosphere. Generally, the effects of climate change include:

· warmer ocean temperatures

· increasing sea levels

· growth of the pH level of the ocean.

Our daily activities like driving cars and using electricity encourage the build-up of carbon dioxide. What we can do is to reduce our contribution by switching off lights when we don’t need them, using our cars less often, or buying eco-friendly devices for our homes.

2. Cut Does on Toxic Chemicals

Oils and chemicals need to be disposed of properly. If it’s not the case, they start causing harm to the air. When reaching the oceans, they start affecting marine life. So whatever oils and chemicals you use, make sure to check the packaging to know exactly how to dispose of them in the right way. Toxic liquids, like motor oil and various chemicals, can’t be poured down the drain. Ideally, there are drop-off sites designed for this kind of disposal.

3. Look for Plastic-Free Alternatives

The oceans face a growing threat from plastics. More than 17 billion pounds of plastic gets into the marine environment annually. The sad thing is that plastics never go away. They cause habitat destruction and kill thousands of marine animals. To limit your impact, you should give up on plastic water bottles, plastic containers, and so on.

4. Talk Loud about Ocean Issues

Many public officials support smart ocean policies to protect marine life and the oceans. They support various governmental, public, and individual initiatives that focus on this problem. So you can do your research on such officials and try to contact them to share your ideas on how to improve the current situation.

5. Help Take Care of the Beach

If you are living near the beach, you can directly contribute to its safety and cleanness. You may get together with your friends and clean the sand from plastic bottles, smoked cigarettes, and other small rubbish. Or you can join special organizations that arrange such programs regularly.

When you visit the beach for diving, surfing, or sunbathing, the smallest thing you can do is to clean up after yourself. When exploring the ocean, you shouldn’t interfere with wildlife. Moreover, you should encourage your family and friends to gain the same attitude toward the marine environment.

6. Support sustainable fisheries

As the human population keeps growing, more and more resources are required. So the situation often goes to extremes. Overfishing is one of them. Fish populations are depleted all around the world.

Taking a sustainable approach to fishing can change the situation for the better. This means using resources in a way that doesn’t cause any harm to biodiversity. So for fishers, this means catching the types of fish that remain in large populations in the ocean. The average consumer should also be more selective about the types of fish by referring to the list of approved fish recommended by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC).

Final Word

All life on Earth is related to the ocean and its inhabitants. Due to the active involvement, people have already caused a lot of harm to the marine environment. And the situation doesn’t seem to be solved by itself. It is important to make the community aware of the problem and educate people about how to keep the marine environment healthy.

Those, who don’t know where to start, can refer to one of the support organizations working to protect the ocean habitats and marine wildlife. They can give financial support or volunteer for hands-on work. If they live near the coast, they are welcome to join up with a local branch and become part of the local projects.

The post 6 Ways You Can Help Save the Oceans appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

However, for some sea canals, due to their importance for international navigation or for historical reasons, international legal regimes have been established. Such regimes were established for the Suez, Panama and Kiel canals.

The Suez Canal was built on the territory of Egypt by a joint stock company established by the Frenchman F. Lesseps. In order to build the canal, the Egyptian khedive granted this company a concession for a period of 99 years from the opening of the canal. The canal was opened in 1869 and became the property of the Anglo-French Joint Stock Company of the Suez Canal. At a conference held in Constantinople in 1888, the Suez Canal Convention was signed by Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Spain, Italy, Holland and Turkey, representing Egypt at the same time. Subsequently, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, China and Japan acceded to the Convention. Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention, the Suez Canal shall remain free and open at all times, during both peace and wartime, to all merchant and military ships, without distinction as to flag. During wartime, the warships of the warring powers also have the right of free passage through the Suez Canal. In the channel, in its ports of outlet and in the waters adjoining these ports for a period of three miles, all acts which may create difficulties for free navigation are forbidden. The blockade of the canal is declared inadmissible. The diplomatic representatives of the signatory Powers in Egypt “shall be charged with the duty of supervising its execution” (Art. 8).

On July 26, 1956, the Suez Canal Joint Stock Company was nationalized by decree of the Egyptian President. The UN Security Council, in a resolution dated October 13, 1956, affirmed Egypt’s sovereignty over the canal and its right to operate the canal “on the basis of the passage of ships of all flags.

Following the nationalization of the canal, the Egyptian government affirmed that it would respect and abide by the provisions of the 1888 International Convention on the Suez Canal. In the Declaration of April 25, 1957, the Egyptian government, while reaffirming its commitment “to ensure free and uninterrupted navigation for all countries” through the Suez Canal, solemnly declared its determination “to respect the terms and spirit of the Constantinople Convention of 1888.” As a result of the Israeli armed attack on the Arab countries in 1967, navigation in the Suez Canal was paralyzed for several years. The canal is now open to international navigation. To manage the operation of the Suez Canal, the Egyptian government established the Suez Canal Authority. It also approved special rules for navigation on the Suez Canal.

The Panama Canal, located on the narrow isthmus between North and South America, was the object of years of American-English rivalry. Even before the canal was built, in 1850, a treaty was signed between the United States and Great Britain in which both sides pledged not to submit the canal, should it be built, to their exclusive influence and control.

However, in 1901, the United States succeeded in getting Great Britain to revoke the 1850 treaty and recognize U.S. rights to build, manage, operate, and secure the canal. The new agreement also stipulated that the canal should be open on the basis of equality for merchant and military vessels of all flags, following the example of the Suez Canal.

By an agreement made in 1903 with the Republic of Panama, formed in part of Colombia, the United States received the right to construct and operate the canal. They acquired rights “as if they were sovereign of the territory” within a 10-mile land area along the banks of the canal and occupied it “in perpetuity.” The United States declared the permanent neutrality of the canal with the obligation to keep it open to ships of all flags in accordance with the Anglo-American agreement of 1901, which essentially applied to the canal the provisions of the 1888 Suez Canal Convention on the Regime of Navigation.

The canal was opened in August 1914, but was not opened to international shipping until 1920. From then until 1979, the Panama Canal remained under U.S. domination.

As a result of a broad and long-standing movement by the Panamanian people for the return of the canal to Panama, the U.S. was forced to accede to the demand that the 1903 agreement be revoked.

In 1977, two new treaties between Panama and the U.S. were signed and entered into force on October 1, 1979: the Panama Canal Treaty and the Treaty of Neutrality and Operation of the Panama Canal.

Under the Panama Canal Treaty, all previous agreements between the United States and Panama about the canal became null and void. Panama’s sovereignty was restored over the Panama Canal. “The Canal Zone,” created by the 1903 agreement, is abolished, and U.S. troops are withdrawn from it. However, until December 31, 1999, the U.S. retains control of the canal and its operation and maintenance (Art. 3). Only after that date will Panama “assume full responsibility for the management, operation and maintenance of the Panama Canal. On December 31, 1999, the Panama Canal Treaty will terminate. For the duration of the treaty, the U.S. retains the “right” to station its armed forces in the Canal Zone (Art. 4).

The Treaty of Neutrality and Functioning of the Panama Canal declared the canal a “permanently neutral international waterway” open to the navigation of all countries (Articles 1 and 2). The treaty states that the Panama Canal shall be “open to the peaceful transit of ships of all nations under conditions of full equality and nondiscrimination. A fee will be charged for passage and service. The treaty includes a provision that the United States is the “guarantor” of the neutrality of the Panama Canal.

The Kiel Canal, which connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea, was built by Germany and opened to navigation in 1896. Prior to World War I, Germany treated the Kiel Canal as an inland waterway with a corresponding regime. The Treaty of Versailles established an international legal regime for the canal. According to article 380 of the Versailles Treaty, the Kiel Canal was permanently declared free and open to the naval and merchant ships of all states at peace with Germany.

Since the end of World War II the legal regime of Kiel Canal was not regulated by any treaties or agreements between the states concerned.

At present, the Kiel Canal regime is governed unilaterally by the Government of Germany, which has issued the Kiel Canal Regulations, which provide for the freedom of commercial navigation for all countries.

The post International shipping channels appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

There is no definition of the high seas in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982. At the same time according to the article 86 the provisions of part VII of the Convention about the high seas are applied to all the parts of the sea which are not included neither in the exclusive economic zone, nor in the territorial sea or internal waters of any state, nor in archipelagic waters of archipelagic state.

This formula can be used to determine the high seas. However, we should note the absence of indication in it of such an important detail: the high seas are not just part of the sea, but its water part, because the bottoms of seas and oceans have a special legal status.
Marine areas beyond which the high seas are located can be united in the territories under national jurisdiction of coastal states: in full (sovereignty) – on internal and archipelagic waters and in territorial sea – on exclusive economic zone in accordance with the norms of international law. There are separate sections in the Convention.

Sometimes the exclusive economic zone is considered as a part of the high seas, “where the right of freedom of the high seas is subject to exceptions in favor of the functional rights of coastal states”.
Such an approach is inconsistent with the need for a clear definition of the legal regime of the various maritime spaces.

The high seas are the watery part of the maritime space beyond national jurisdiction, open for use by all states on the basis of international law.
Legal regime. According to the 1958 United Nations Convention on the High Seas and the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the high seas are open to all nations, both coastal and landlocked (inland).

Landlocked states must have access to the sea. To this end, they conclude agreements with landlocked States on transit through their territory, access to seaports and their use.
No State has the right to claim submission of any part of the high seas to its sovereignty.
The regime of freedom of the high seas includes: a) freedom of navigation; b) freedom of flight; c) freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines; d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations; e) freedom of fishing and fishing; f) freedom of scientific research.

Each State shall exercise these freedoms taking into account the requirements of international law and the interests of other States.
Freedom of navigation means that every State, whether coastal or landlocked, has the right to have ships flying its flag on the high seas.

Ships have the nationality of the State whose flag they are entitled to fly. The procedure and conditions of granting nationality to ships, registration of ships and granting the right to fly the flag of one or another state are determined by the domestic legislation, which is formalized by appropriate documents. There must be a real link between the state and the vessel flying its flag. In the practice of international maritime navigation, it is not uncommon to use a “convenient” flag. This refers to cases where the vessel belongs to a company registered in one state and flies the flag of another. Such position can be explained by the fact that some states stipulate simplified or preferential regime of registration, presenting right on flag and vessel exploitation (Liberia, Panama, Malta and etc.).

On the high seas, a ship is subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state whose flag it flies. The State exercises its jurisdiction and control in administrative, technical and social matters over ships, the master and crew, maintains a register of ships, takes measures to ensure the safety of navigation, organizes a qualified investigation of every serious accident or other navigation incident on the high seas involving a ship flying its flag. Criminal or disciplinary proceedings against a master or other crew member may only be brought before the judicial or administrative authorities of the flag State.

The Convention provides for a number of exceptions to this principle. A warship may inspect a foreign ship if there are reasonable grounds to suspect that:
1) the ship is engaged in piracy;
2) the ship is engaged in slave trade;
3) the ship is engaged in unauthorized radio and television broadcasting;
4) the ship has no nationality;
5) the ship actually has the same nationality as a warship, although it is flying a foreign flag or refuses to fly a flag.

In addition, an act of intervention is possible if it is based on rules established by international treaties.
For example, International Convention on the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables of 1884 gives military ships the right to chase and stop ships suspected of breaking or damaging telegraph cable, check the nationality of the ship, make a report on the breach committed by the ship.

Hot pursuit of a foreign ship is also possible if there are reasonable grounds to believe it has violated the laws and rules of the coastal state in waters under its jurisdiction. The condition for pursuit on the high seas by a warship or military aircraft of a coastal State is its continuity, i.e. it must begin in the maritime areas under the jurisdiction of that State and continue on the high seas. Such pursuit ceases as soon as the pursued vessel enters the territorial sea of its own or another state.
Any acts of interference on the high seas against military vessels and government vessels in non-commercial service are unacceptable.

In order to ensure the safety of navigation and protect other interests of states, international legal norms provide for a number of measures to prevent and suppress certain unlawful acts.

Each State under the 1982 Convention is required to take effective action to prevent the carriage of slaves on ships entitled to fly its flag (Article 39).

Specific measures are envisaged to suppress the crime of piracy. Piracy is defined as any unlawful act of violence, detention or depredation of private ships or aircraft on the high seas, directed against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board.

Any State may seize a pirate ship or aircraft. seize a pirate ship or aircraft on the high seas or elsewhere outside the jurisdiction of any State, arrest the persons and seize the property on board (article 19 of the Convention on the High Seas and article 105 of the Convention on the Law of the Sea). The judicial authorities of the State that has carried out the seizure may order the imposition of penalties and determine the measures to be taken with respect to such vessels, aircraft or property.

All States have an obligation to cooperate in suppressing illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances carried out by ships on the high seas. If a State has reason to believe that a vessel flying its flag is engaged in illicit traffic in narcotic or psychotropic substances, it may request the cooperation of other States in suppressing such illicit traffic.

States shall also cooperate in suppressing unauthorized broadcasting from the high seas. Unauthorized broadcasting means the transmission of sound radio or television programs from a ship or facility on the high seas intended for reception by the public, in violation of international rules governing telecommunications, the allocation of radio frequencies, etc. Transmission of distress signals cannot be considered unauthorized broadcasting.

The post High Seas appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.

International law of the sea has become conventional (the 1958 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the 1982 comprehensive UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, which establishes the legal status and regime of all maritime spaces and the living and mineral resources of the World Ocean and its seabed).

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (entered into force on November 16, 1994) was the first in the history of international relations that set for all nations, without exception, the territorial sea limit – 12 nautical miles, and also defined the basic criteria of the continental shelf limits and the outer limits of the waters of the archipelagos.

Inner maritime waters. Legal status of inland maritime waters is determined by the state that has a sea coast, as they are part of the state’s territory.

Inland maritime waters include:

(1) The waters between the shore of the state and the straight baselines from which the width of the territorial sea is counted.

Where the coastline is deeply indented and winding, or where there is a chain of islands along the coast and in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines connecting the respective points may be applied to draw the baseline from which the width of the territorial sea is measured;

2) seaport waters (up to the line passing through the most prominent permanent port facilities in the sea, which are considered as part of the coast),

3) waters of bays whose shores belong to the same state (up to a line where the width of the natural entrance to the bay reaches 24 nautical miles),

4) waters of “historic bays” regardless of the width of the entrance to them. All foreign vessels are required to abide steadfastly by the laws and regulations of the coastal state while in port. Foreign vessels and their crews are subject to the civil, administrative jurisdiction of the coastal state, which, however, usually refrains from exercising such jurisdiction in matters pertaining to the domestic law and order of the foreign vessel.

Civil jurisdiction includes the competence of the judicial institutions of the coastal State to hear suits arising from the failure of the foreign vessel and its owners to perform contracts or contractual obligations, and the right of port authorities to detain or arrest a foreign vessel in order to secure suits or judicial decisions.

The competent authorities of a coastal State shall refrain from exercising criminal jurisdiction over seafarers of foreign merchant ships when the offence they commit on board their ship does not affect the interests of the coastal State, the rights and freedoms of its citizens or violate its public order.

Military foreign ships may enter open seaports only after receiving prior permission or invitation from the coastal State. If they do not comply with the laws and regulations of the coastal state, the coastal state has the right to demand that the foreign warship leave the limits of internal maritime waters.

Territorial sea (“territorial waters”) is a sea band, adjoining the coast or inland sea waters of a state up to 12 nautical miles wide and by its legal status is a part of the territory of a coastal state (or archipelago state). The outer boundary of the territorial sea is the state maritime boundary of the state.

Although the legal regime of the territorial sea is determined by the coastal state, all coastal states are obliged, under international law, to ensure compliance with the universally recognized right of innocent passage through their territorial sea. This is the essential difference between the legal regime of territorial waters and the legal regime of internal sea waters.

A passage is considered peaceful if it does not violate the peace, good order and security of the coastal state. All warships also have the right of innocent passage, and are immune from the criminal and civil jurisdiction of the coastal state. Submarines must follow the surface and fly their flag.

Immunity from jurisdiction is also recognized for government vessels operated for non-commercial purposes. Beyond the outer boundary of the territorial sea lie the international maritime spaces – the high seas.

+The open sea is the maritime space outside the territorial sea of states. It is not subject to the sovereignty of any state. The legal regime and legal status of the high seas is determined by the international law of the sea.

The freedom of the high seas includes, in particular, the freedom of navigation and flight, the freedom to lay submarine cables, pipelines and construct artificial islands and installations.

All ships on the high seas are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state whose flag they fly.

The contiguous zone is the area of the high seas adjacent to the outer limit of the territorial sea. The contiguous zone is established by a coastal state, when necessary, to control compliance by foreign ships with customs, fiscal, immigration and sanitary rules in its internal sea waters and territorial sea.

The sovereignty of the coastal State shall not extend to the contiguous zone. The width of the contiguous zone shall not exceed 24 nautical miles, which shall be measured from the baselines used to measure the width of the territorial sea.

Exclusive economic zone (economic zone) an area of the high seas outside and adjacent to the territorial sea. According to Article 57 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) the width of exclusive economic zone shall not exceed 200 nautical miles, counted from baselines from which the width of the territorial sea is measured.

The peculiarity of the legal regime of the economic zone is that the coastal state has sovereign rights for exploration, development and conservation of natural resources (living and non-living) in its waters, on the seabed and in its subsoil, as well as for management of all these resources of the zone.

The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provides for the jurisdiction of the coastal state within the economic zone with respect to the establishment and use of artificial installations and structures, marine scientific research, protection and preservation of the marine environment.

All other states enjoy in the economic zone the freedoms of navigation and flight, laying, cables and pipelines and other uses of the sea within the high seas that are related to these freedoms.

The continental shelf is geographically an underwater extension of the continent (mainland). The Convention of 1982 defined the continental shelf of a coastal State as “the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas extending beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend at this distance” (Article 76, par. 1).

Where the outer limit of the continental shelf extends beyond 200 nautical miles, it shall be permitted to extend beyond 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured (article 76, par. 5).

Under the 1982 Convention coastal states exercise sovereign rights over the continental shelf for the purpose of exploration and exploitation of its natural resources. These rights are exclusive: if the coastal State does not develop the natural resources of its shelf, “no one may do so without the express consent of the coastal State” (Art. 77).

The sovereign rights of coastal states on the continental shelf do not affect the legal status of the high seas covering it and of the airspace above those waters. Therefore the exercise of these rights shall not prejudice the exercise of navigation, air travel and other rights and freedoms provided for in the 1982 Convention for the high seas.

International Seabed Area. To ensure a harmonized legal order for the activities of all states for exploration and development of mineral resources of the seabed beyond the continental shelf, it was decided at the 3rd UN Conference on the Law of the Sea to declare this seabed area and its resources as the “common heritage of mankind” and to call it the Area for short.

The 1982 UN Convention established the principles defining the legal status and regime of the area. These are basically the following: (1) no State shall claim or exercise sovereignty or sovereign rights over any part of the Area and its resources; (2) no State, person or entity shall take possession of any part of the Area or its resources; (3) the Area shall be open to all States, whether coastal or landlocked, for peaceful purposes only, without discrimination.

Straits used for international navigation (international straits). Straits geographically connect two seas to an ocean, or parts of the same sea, ocean. Many of them serve as the only possible sea route for international navigation, so they became known as international straits, the UN Convention 1982 provides that in straits used for international navigation “between one part of the high seas or exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or exclusive economic zone”, all ships and aircraft enjoy the right of transit passage, “which shall not be hindered”.

Archipelagic waters are waters within an archipelagic State, these waters are delimited from other parts of the sea around the archipelagic State by straight archipelagic lines (baselines) which connect “the outermost points of the archipelagic islands and fringing reefs” (Article 47 of the 1982 Convention). As a rule, the length of such baselines should not exceed 100 nautical miles (to prevent unjustified expansion of the water area of archipelagic waters).

Baselines thus drawn around the archipelago, form the boundary of archipelagic waters. It is from this boundary that the archipelagic state measures the width of its territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf.

Archipelagic waters are subject to the sovereignty of the archipelagic State: sovereignty also extends to the airspace over archipelagic waters, to their bottom and subsoil and to their resources. This is the great similarity between archipelagic waters and inland maritime waters. But there is one significant difference, which has led to the designation of archipelagic waters as a special type of maritime space. According to the Convention of 1982, without prejudice to the legal regime of internal sea waters, which can exist within archipelagic waters (water of ports, bays), ships of all the states enjoy the right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters. Such passage is characteristic of the legal regime of the territorial sea.

The post Maritime spaces appeared first on RiverheadFoundation.